KNIGHT TEK - THERMAL STOP & THERMAL SHIELD
LITHIUM ION BATTERY THERMAL RUNAWAY SOLUTIONS
NFPA 18 CERTIFIED
KNIGHT FIRE TEK IS CURRENTLY WORKING WITH UL RESEARCH TEAM TO DEVELOP BATTERY AND EXTINGUISH CAPABILITIES TEST
ALL INGREDIENTS ARE ON THE EPA GREEN LIST
WE WOULD APPRECIATE ANY THIRD PARTY TESTING OPPORTUNITIES
MORE TRAINING AND DEMO MEDIA
Thermal Stop
Thermal Stop is your go-to solution for extinguishing lithium-ion battery fires caused by thermal runaway. As the only suppressant on the market specifically designed to eliminate thermal runaway, Thermal Stop sets a new standard in fire safety.
This all-natural, non-hazardous solution operates in three powerful ways: its superior endothermic properties provide super-fast cooling, effectively halting thermal runaway within just 30 seconds. By interrupting the chemical reactions within the battery, Thermal Stop blocks dangerous off-gassing and encapsulates harmful PFAS chemicals found in some lithium-ion batteries, ensuring a safer environment for first responders.
Designed for efficiency, Thermal Stop requires only a small amount to tackle large fires, making cleanup a breeze. With its patent-pending formulation, you can trust Thermal Stop to deliver exceptional performance when it matters most.
Thermal Shield - The Premier Solution for Lithium-Ion Battery Fires Transport.
Thermal Shield is a revolutionary solution designed specifically for lithium-ion battery fires caused by thermal runaway. As the only gel suppressant on the market that effectively eliminates thermal runaway, Thermal Shield acts as a powerful barrier to prevent and halt reignition.
This all-natural, non-hazardous gel works in three ways: its superior endothermic properties provide super-fast cooling, bringing thermal runaway under control within 30 seconds. The Thermal Shield gel will disrupt chemical reactions at the breach of the batteries. It blocks dangerous off-gassing and encapsulates harmful PFAS chemicals in lithium-ion batteries, ensuring a safer environment for first responders and the surrounding community.
Ideal for coating damaged batteries during transportation and storage, Thermal Shield is easy to clean up, requiring only a small amount to achieve maximum impact. With its patent-pending formulation, you can trust Thermal Shield to deliver unparalleled performance when it matters most.
A Lithium Ion battery is a chemical machine. In the periodic table, the simplest and lightest atom would be Hydrogen, with one proton ( positive charge) and one orbiting electron. Hydrogen is highly reactive and is able to share its electron easily, due to its electro positivity. Lithium, like Hydrogen is very reactive, and will readily share its electron but Lithium can release its electron with 3 volts more force than Hydrogen, which leads to its preference to be used in battery chemistry. Batteries are composed of a cathode, an anode, a separator and electrolyte. The concept is simple, when the battery is charging or discharging, an electron and ion leave one electrode and arrive at the other electrode at the same time. However, electrons conduct at near speed of light while ions drift slowly from one electrode to the other. So, to understand what is really happening, let’s look at the cathode. Cathodes can be composed of different chemistries of metal oxides. Nickel Oxide for example: The Nickel and Oxygen are strongly bonded together and borrow an electron from Lithium, because Nickel has a strong potential to borrow electrons and lithium has an electron readily available. When the battery is connected to a charger, positive lithium ions are liberated from the lithium nickel oxide crystal into the electrolyte solution wandering to the anode due to diffusion. At the same moment that ions are liberated, electrons are liberated from the cathode and conduct to the anode. The electrolyte solution is made of solvents (ethylene carbonate mostly) and a salt of lithium. The solvent doesn’t react with the positive lithium ion but instead forms a shell around it. Whenever a salt is dissolved in a solvent, the solvents pulls the salt apart to form a soup of positive and negative ions with solvation shells. That soup of positive and negative ions will always try to maintain a neutral charge. If positive ion is added, then somewhere else in the solution a positive ion must be removed. The electrolyte conduct the lithium ions through diffusion but it won’t conduct electrons due to the separator present in the electrolyte solution. The separator is made of a polymer material ( polyolefin ) and keeps the cathode and anode from touching. The electrolyte also contains an additive such as vinylene carbonate. The Anode is composed of graphite. Lithium, the solvent and the additive are reacting with the shell of the graphite particles to create a protective film on the graphite particles. The vinylene carbonate additive helps this layer form a stable surface that extends battery life to thousands of cycles. The layer is called a solid electrolyte interphase. ( SEI)
The battery can experience over voltage, under voltage, mechanical failure, and lead the cells to enter in what is called thermal runaway. When one or several cells get damage due to physical penetration, crushing, overheating due to current excess, or extreme ambient temperature, initially the SEI Layer starts disintegrating. This occurs at very low temperature ( around 167 deg. F). As the temperature keeps building up, the anode reaction keeps generating heat exponentially which then causes the organic solvent used in the electrolyte to breakdown generating hydrocarbon flammable gases. This stage happens when the temperature reaches about 230 deg F. The generated gases creates an accumulation of pressure inside the battery cell. While temperature keeps climbing, at about 275 degree F, the polymer separator starts melting and the batterie enters in short circuit between the anode and the cathode. During this phase the metal oxide cathode starts to decompose, releasing oxygen gases, triggering the burning down of the electrolyte and other flammable gases in the cell. Temperature keeps climbing and thermal runaway start destroying the other cells.
When fighting thermal runaway, we need to look at the batteries like we would look at a biological cell in their complexity because they juggle energy and matter in a dynamic system. Cooling the battery is not enough. We also need to stop the chemical reaction inside the cells, and neutralize the electrolyte solution, to stabilize the system and stop thermal propagation, thus Thermal runaway. Our solution cools the battery almost instantly but also, once penetrating the affected battery, neutralizes the chemical reaction within the electrolyte solution, and forms a porous barrier, condensing the toxic gases within the suppressing solution.
● Rapidly encapsulates toxic offgas, smoke, fumes and vapors
● Saves large amounts of water resources formerly needed to lower temperatures
● Long term shelf life and storage
● Scalable use from small batteries in devices like cell phones and laptops up to ev and industrial energy storage
● All natural plant based formula
● Non-toxic
● Biodegradable
● Flourine-free (non-carcinogenic)
● Non-corrosive
● Safe for humans, animals and aquatic life
● Seamless use from fire pumps to aircraft
● Non-clogging
● Non-staining
● DOT Non-Hazardous material for easy shipping
● NO PFAS or PFOS
● Extremely Endothermic
● Instant heat removal from lithium-ion thermal runaway.
● Prevents the reoccurrence of thermal runaway for towing and storage.
● Our two-part suppression was made to give first responders maximum safety while working with lithium-ion Batteries.
First part is used for suppression and instant mitigation of thermal runaway.
Second part is used for transportation of EV vehicles that have been in thermal runaway as it insulates and isolates cells from each other to protect from continued thermal runaway.
● Neutralizes the chemical reaction within the electrolyte.
● Attacks root of the problem, neutralizing the chemical reaction that creates the thermal runaway event.
● Prevents large hazmat clean up by reducing the amount of product needed to control and mitigate the thermal runaway event.
LITHIUM-ION BATTERY FIRE RESOURCES
(Government, Training, Utilities, Insurance, Testing, Standards — all in one place)
Trainers & Speakers
Adam McFadden — Hazmat by Road & Rail
https://www.hazmat-by-road-rail.com/speaker/adam-mcfadden
Adam McFadden — Webinar (W2RO): Li-ion Best Management Practices
https://www.w2ro.org/events/w2ro-webinar-series-lithium-ion-battery-best-management-practices-industry-perspectives
Chris Pfaff — PHRT Hazmat & Rescue Instruction (overview)
https://www.hazmatandrescue.com/lithium-ion-battery-hazards
Chris Pfaff — Battery Fire Strategies (video)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNDmQjAEq3Q
Chris Pfaff — Provident Insurance Session (video)
https://www.facebook.com/providentins/videos/learn-essential-strategies-for-tackling-battery-fires-from-chris-pfaff-lead-inst/2428274357571928/
Matt Paiss — PNNL Profile
https://www.pnnl.gov/experts/matthew-paiss
Matt Paiss — EV/ESS Response (video)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vCRNhG_NV0A
Matt Paiss — Battery Safety Deep Dive (video)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vyR6R4Q3v28
Matt Paiss — NFPA 800 Development News
https://www.pnnl.gov/news-media/pnnls-paiss-guides-development-unified-code-minimizing-battery-hazard-and-risk
Dalan Zartman — ESA / BESS 24/7
https://bess247.com/
Dalan Zartman — Interview (podcast)
https://www.buzzsprout.com/1884084/episodes/13702794-journeying-through-the-electric-vehicle-landscape-with-dalan-zartman-insights-safety-concerns-and-more
C. Todd Smith (ATF) — Toxicity Handout (PDF)
https://mil.wa.gov/asset/65fb007cb5dcc/Lithium%20Batteries%20Hazmat%20Handout%20-%20Toxicity%20-%20Todd%20Smith%2C%20ATF.pdf
Chris Greene — Fire toxins & Li-ion effect (Fire Engineering)
https://www.fireengineering.com/firefighting-equipment/fire-ppe/fire-toxins-and-the-lithium-ion-effect/
TEEX — EV/ESS Current Practices (program)
https://teex.org/ev-ess-current-practices/
TEEX — EV & Stored Energy Summit (conference)
https://teex.org/teex-electric-vehicle-and-stored-energy-summit/
TEEX — EV/ESS Report (PDF)
https://teex.org/wp-content/uploads/TEEX-EV-ESS-Report.pdf
TEEX — Channel (YouTube)
https://www.youtube.com/@TEEXagency
IAFC — EV & Energy Storage Resources
https://www.iafc.org/topics-and-tools/resources/resource/evs-electric-vehicles
USFA/National Fire Academy — Course Catalog (battery‐related topics appear)
https://www.usfa.fema.gov/training/
SFPE — Lithium-ion webinars & tech briefs
https://www.sfpe.org/education
IAAI — Training for investigators (lithium battery topics appear)
https://www.firearson.com/
U.S. Federal Agencies — Lithium-Ion / EV / ESS Guidance
USFA / FEMA — Lithium-ion Safety Hub
https://www.usfa.fema.gov/a-z/lithium-ion-batteries/
CPSC — Batteries Safety Center & Recalls
https://www.cpsc.gov/Safety-Education/Safety-Education-Centers/Batteries
NHTSA — Electric Vehicles: Safety & Fire Guidance
https://www.nhtsa.gov/road-safety/electric-vehicles-evs
OSHA — Lithium Battery Safety (Workplace)
https://www.osha.gov/lithium-battery
PHMSA — Lithium Batteries (Hazmat Shipping)
https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/lithiumbatteries
PHMSA — Lithium Battery Guide for Shippers (Training)
https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/training/hazmat/lithium-battery-guide-shippers
FAA Fire Safety — Lithium Battery Tests & Reports
https://www.fire.tc.faa.gov/systems/lithium-batteries
FAA — PackSafe: Lithium Batteries in Air Travel
https://www.faa.gov/hazmat/packsafe/lithium-batteries
EPA — Used Lithium-Ion Batteries (Recycling & Fire Risks)
https://www.epa.gov/recycle/used-lithium-ion-batteries
EPA Region 4 — Lithium-Ion Outreach for Responders
https://response.epa.gov/R4LithiumIonBatteryOutreach
NTSB — Investigations & Recommendations (Search “lithium” / “battery” / “EV”)
https://www.ntsb.gov/
DOE / AFDC — First Responder Resources for EVs
https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric-responders
DHS S&T — Lithium-Ion Battery Hazards Briefings
https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/news/2024/12/13/fighting-fire-knowledge-lithium-ion-battery-hazards
DHS NUSTL — First Responder Technology Evaluations
https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/national-urban-security-technology-laboratory
DHS SAVER — Batteries for Firefighting Equipment (TechNote PDF)
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2023-07/Batteries%20for%20Firefighting%20Equipment%20TechNote_Final_508.pdf
DHS SAVER — Battery-Powered Rescue Tools (Extrication)
https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/saver/st-battery-powered-rescue-tools-vehicle-extrication
NIST — Battery Safety & Early Failure Detection
https://www.nist.gov/battery
NIST — “Hearing” Batteries About to Catch Fire (News)
https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/11/ai-can-hear-when-lithium-battery-about-catch-fire
ATF — Fire Research Laboratory
https://www.atf.gov/arson/fire-research-laboratory
USCG — Office of Marine Safety, Security & Stewardship
https://www.dco.uscg.mil/
USCG — Research & Development Center
https://www.dcms.uscg.mil/rdc/
FRA — Rail Safety (Hazmat/Batteries)
https://railroads.dot.gov/
MSHA — Mine Safety (Battery Equipment)
https://www.msha.gov/
BSEE — Offshore Safety (Energy Facilities)
https://www.bsee.gov/
NIOSH — Firefighter Health & Exposure Science
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/
CSB — Chemical Safety Board (Investigations)
https://www.csb.gov/
USDA Forest Service — Fire Management & WUI
https://www.fs.usda.gov/managing-land/fire
NOAA HYSPLIT — Plume Modeling for Toxic Releases
https://www.ready.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php
USDOT — Battery Safety Stakeholder Meeting
https://www.transportation.gov/battery-safety-post-incident-stakeholder-meeting
All 50 State Fire Marshals — Homepages + Li-ion/ESS Pages (where published)
Alabama — State Fire Marshal
https://www.aldoi.gov/StateFireMarshal
Alaska — Fire Marshal Office
https://dps.alaska.gov/fmo
Arizona — State Fire Marshal
https://dffm.az.gov/office-state-fire-marshal
Arkansas — State Fire Marshal (Arkansas State Police)
https://www.dps.arkansas.gov/law-enforcement/arkansas-state-police/services-programs/state-fire-marshal/
California — Office of the State Fire Marshal
https://osfm.fire.ca.gov/
California — Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)
https://osfm.fire.ca.gov/what-we-do/code-development-and-analysis/battery-energy-storage-systems
Colorado — Division of Fire Prevention & Control
https://dfpc.colorado.gov/
Connecticut — Office of the State Fire Marshal
https://portal.ct.gov/DAS/Office-of-the-State-Fire-Marshal
Delaware — Office of the State Fire Marshal
https://sfm.delaware.gov/
Florida — Division of State Fire Marshal
https://myfloridacfo.com/division/sfm
Florida — Lithium-Ion Safety Hub
https://myfloridacfo.com/division/sfm#lithium-ion
Florida — Li-ion Battery Symposium Resources
https://myfloridacfo.com/division/sfm/lithium-ion-battery-symposium-resources
Georgia — Office of Insurance & Safety Fire — State Fire Marshal
https://oci.georgia.gov/state-fire-marshal
Hawaii — State Fire Council
https://fire.honolulu.gov/state-fire-council/
Idaho — State Fire Marshal (DOI)
https://doi.idaho.gov/consumers/fire-marshal/
Idaho — Li-ion Consumer Alert
https://doi.idaho.gov/pressrelease/consumer-alert-state-fire-marshals-office-reminds-consumers-to-be-lithium-ion-battery-safe/
Illinois — Office of the State Fire Marshal
https://sfm.illinois.gov/
Illinois — Public Awareness (Li-ion)
https://ltgov.illinois.gov/news/press-release.31411.html
Indiana — State Fire Marshal (IDHS)
https://www.in.gov/dhs/divisions/indiana-state-fire-marshal/
Iowa — State Fire Marshal (DPS)
https://dps.iowa.gov/divisions/state-fire-marshal
Kansas — Office of the State Fire Marshal
https://firemarshal.ks.gov/
Kentucky — State Fire Marshal
https://sfm.ky.gov/
Louisiana — State Fire Marshal
https://sfm.dps.louisiana.gov/
Maine — Office of State Fire Marshal
https://www.maine.gov/dps/fmo/
Maryland — Office of the State Fire Marshal
https://mdsp.maryland.gov/firemarshal/
Massachusetts — Department of Fire Services
https://www.mass.gov/orgs/department-of-fire-services
Massachusetts — Li-ion Safety Reminder
https://www.mass.gov/news/e-bike-fire-prompts-lithium-ion-battery-safety-reminder
Massachusetts — Li-ion Incident Data (Example)
https://www.mass.gov/news/4-alarm-onset-fire-most-likely-started-with-lithium-ion-batteries
Michigan — Bureau of Fire Services
https://www.michigan.gov/lara/bureau-list/bfs
Minnesota — State Fire Marshal
https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/sfm/
Mississippi — State Fire Marshal
https://www.mid.ms.gov/state-fire-marshal/state-fire-marshal.aspx
Missouri — Division of Fire Safety
https://dfs.dps.mo.gov/
Montana — Fire Prevention (DOJ)
https://dojmt.gov/safemt/fire-prevention/
Nebraska — State Fire Marshal
https://sfm.nebraska.gov/
Nevada — State Fire Marshal Division
https://fire.nv.gov/
New Hampshire — State Fire Marshal
https://www.firemarshal.dos.nh.gov/
New Jersey — Division of Fire Safety
https://www.nj.gov/dca/dfs/
New Mexico — State Fire Marshal
https://www.rld.nm.gov/state-fire-marshal/
New York — Office of Fire Prevention & Control (OFPC)
https://www.dhses.ny.gov/office-fire-prevention-and-control
North Carolina — Office of State Fire Marshal
https://www.ncosfm.gov/
North Dakota — State Fire Marshal (Insurance Dept.)
https://www.insurance.nd.gov/state-fire-marshal
Ohio — State Fire Marshal
https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/state-fire-marshal
Oklahoma — State Fire Marshal
https://www.ok.gov/fire/
Oregon — Office of State Fire Marshal
https://www.oregon.gov/osfm/
Oregon — Public Battery Safety
https://www.oregon.gov/osfm/education/pages/battery_safety.aspx
Pennsylvania — Office of the State Fire Commissioner
https://www.osfc.pa.gov/
Rhode Island — State Fire Marshal
https://fire-marshal.ri.gov/
South Carolina — State Fire (OSFM)
https://llr.sc.gov/bod/OSFM/index.asp
South Dakota — State Fire Marshal
https://dps.sd.gov/emergency-services/state-fire-marshal
Tennessee — State Fire Marshal’s Office
https://www.tn.gov/commerce/fire.html
Tennessee — Li-ion Safety Reminder
https://www.tn.gov/commerce/news/2025/7/17/sfmo-reminds-tennesseans-about-risks-of-lithium-ion-batteries.html
Texas — State Fire Marshal’s Office
https://www.tdi.texas.gov/fire/
Utah — State Fire Marshal
https://firemarshal.utah.gov/
Vermont — Division of Fire Safety
https://firesafety.vermont.gov/
Virginia — Office of the State Fire Marshal (VDFP)
https://www.vafire.com/office-of-the-state-fire-marshal/
Washington — State Fire Marshal’s Office (WSP)
https://wsp.wa.gov/agency/state-fire-marshals-office/
Washington — Li-ion Safety Tips
https://wsp.wa.gov/2024/02/17/lithium-ion-battery-safety/
West Virginia — State Fire Marshal
https://firemarshal.wv.gov/
Wisconsin — Office of the State Fire Marshal
https://www.doj.state.wi.us/dles/office-state-fire-marshal
Wyoming — Office of State Fire Marshal
https://wsfm.wyo.gov/
Major City Fire Departments — Li-ion Safety Pages
FDNY — Lithium-Ion Battery Safety (NYC)
https://www.nyc.gov/site/fdny/codes/reference/lithium-ion-battery-safety.page
Seattle Fire Department — Lithium-Ion Safety
https://www.seattle.gov/fire/safety-and-community/lithium-ion-battery-safety
San Francisco Fire Department — Li-ion Safety
https://sf-fire.org/safety-resources-and-information/lithium-ion-battery-safety
San Diego Fire-Rescue — Lithium-Ion Safety
https://www.sandiego.gov/fire/community-outreach/safety-tips/lithium-ion-safety
San José Fire Department — Lithium-Ion Battery Safety
https://www.sanjoseca.gov/your-government/departments-offices/fire-department/public-education/fire-prevention/lithium-ion-battery-safety
Phoenix Fire Department — Battery Safety
https://www.phoenix.gov/administration/departments/fire/safety-prevention/fire-safety-information/battery-safety.html
Portland Fire & Rescue — New Tool for EV/ESS Fires (Cold Cut Cobra)
https://www.portland.gov/fire/news/2025/5/12/new-tool-helps-portland-firefighters-tackle-electric-vehicle-fires
Los Angeles County HHMD — Managing Risks from Damaged LIBs/ESS/EVs (PDF)
https://pw.lacounty.gov/epd/debris-removal/docs/MANAGING%20RISKS%20FROM%20DAMAGED%20LIBs%2C%20STORAGE%20SYSTEMS%2C%20AND%20EVS%2001.13.25.pdf
Austin Fire Department — Stationary LiB ESS Plan Review (PDF)
https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Fire/Prevention/Plans_Review/79189736_Stationary%20LiB%20ESS%20Plan%20Review%20Submittal_10172023.pdf
Los Angeles City Fire Department — E-Mobility Safety
https://www.lafd.org/safety/electric-micromobility
Chicago Fire Department — Department Portal (Safety links)
https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/cfd.html
Miami-Dade Fire Rescue — Safety Resources
https://www.miamidade.gov/global/fire/home.page
Dallas Fire-Rescue — Public Education
https://dallasfirerescue.com/publiced.html
Boston Fire Department — Safety Information
https://www.boston.gov/departments/boston-fire-department
Philadelphia Fire Department — Prevention & Safety
https://www.phila.gov/departments/philadelphia-fire-department/
Washington DC FEMS — Fire & Life Safety Education
https://fems.dc.gov/page/fire-and-life-safety-education
Utilities & AHJs — Interconnection, Siting, Safety, Lessons Learned
Con Edison — Energy Storage Guide ≤5 MW (PDF)
https://www.coned.com/-/media/files/coned/documents/save-energy-money/using-private-generation/specs-and-tariffs/energy-storage-guide.pdf
Con Edison — Program Participant Guide (ESS) (PDF)
https://www.coned.com/en/business-partners/business-opportunities/non-wires-solutions/-/media/0a640f9ff80242f8bb0a06583585af04.ashx
NYC Department of Buildings — ESS Siting Guidance (PDF)
https://www.nyc.gov/assets/buildings/pdf/ESS_Guidance.pdf
FDNY — Lithium-Ion Safety (Code & Enforcement resources)
https://www.nyc.gov/site/fdny/codes/reference/lithium-ion-battery-safety.page
Southern California Edison — Energy Storage Compliance Guide (PDF)
https://www.sce.com/sites/default/files/inline-files/313975481.PDF
SCE — Rule 21 Grid Interconnections
https://www.sce.com/clean-energy-efficiency/solar-generating-your-own-power/solar-power-basics/grid-interconnections
SCE — Interconnection Metering Requirements (PDF)
https://www.sce.com/sites/default/files/custom-files/R21_D19-03-013_OP4_Simple%20and%20Complex%20Interconnection%20Metering%20Requirements_SCE.pdf
LADWP — CES2G BESS Guidelines (PDF)
https://www.ladwp.com/sites/default/files/2023-11/CES2G_Guidelines_2023%20%282%29.pdf
LADWP — Electric Service Requirements, Section 8i (BESS)
https://www.ladwp.com/sites/default/files/2023-09/Design%20Guide-ESR%20Section%208i.pdf
PG&E — Elkhorn BESS Emergency Action Plan (Tesla Megapack) (PDF)
https://www.pge.com/assets/pge/docs/clean-energy/battery-storage/bess-emergency-action-plan.pdf
SDG&E — Energy Storage Safety (PDF)
https://www.sdge.com/sites/default/files/FINAL_S2480022-Energy%20Storage%20Safty-FS_ONLINE.pdf
SDG&E — BESS & Microgrids Overview
https://www.sdge.com/major-projects/battery-energy-storage-systems-bess-and-microgrids
APS — McMicken BESS Incident Summary
https://www.aps.com/en/About/Our-Company/Newsroom/Articles/Equipment-failure-at-McMicken-Battery-Facility
APS — Lessons Learned (PDF)
https://www.aps.com/-/media/APS/APSCOM-PDFs/About/Our-Company/McMicken/McMicken-lessons-learned.ashx
Salt River Project (SRP) — Energy Storage
https://www.srpnet.com/grid-resources/energy-resources/energy-storage
Duke Energy — Distributed Storage Overview
https://www.duke-energy.com/home/products/renewable-energy/generate-your-own/renewable-energy-generation
Duke Energy — PowerPair (Solar + Battery)
https://www.duke-energy.com/home/products/powerpair
DTE Energy — Interconnection Procedures L3-L5 (PDF)
https://www.dteenergy.com/content/dam/dteenergy/deg/website/hybris/rooftop-solar/InterconnectionProceduresL345.pdf
DTE Energy — DG & LNM Additional Procedures (PDF)
https://www.dteenergy.com/content/dam/dteenergy/deg/website/hybris/rooftop-solar/DGandLNMAdditionalProcedures.pdf
DTE Energy — Category 1–2 Requirements (PDF)
https://www.dteenergy.com/content/dam/dteenergy/deg/website/hybris/rooftop-solar/InterconnectionCategory1_2Requirement.pdf
Consumers Energy — Battery Storage Project News (2024)
https://www.consumersenergy.com/news-releases/news-release-details/2024/06/24/consumers-energy-closer-to-achieving-clean-energy-goals-with-agreement-to-purchase-battery-storage
Consumers Energy — Transportable Battery (2021)
https://www.consumersenergy.com/news-releases/news-release-details/2021/03/31/consumers-energy-installing-transportable-battery-to-enhance-electric-reliability-in-standish
Dominion Energy — Energy Storage Stories
https://www.dominionenergy.com/our-stories/energy-storage
Xcel Energy — Battery Storage
https://www.xcelenergy.com/energy_portfolio/electricity/battery_storage
Portland General Electric — Battery Storage Overview
https://portlandgeneral.com/energy-choices/renewable-power/battery-storage
Puget Sound Energy — Battery Storage
https://www.pse.com/en/pages/energy-supply/battery-storage
National Grid (US) — Energy Storage
https://www.nationalgridus.com/clean-energy/energy-storage
EPRI — Energy Storage Safety Wiki
https://storagewiki.epri.com/index.php/Energy_Storage_Safety
Insurers & Risk Engineering
Travelers — Lithium-Ion Battery Fire Safety
https://www.travelers.com/resources/business-industries/fire-safety/lithium-ion-battery-fire-safety
Zurich — Lithium-Ion Battery Guidance
https://www.zurich.com/en/knowledge/topics/lithium-ion-batteries
Chubb — Lithium-Ion Battery Safety
https://www.chubb.com/us-en/business-insurance/resources/lithium-ion-battery-safety.html
FM Global — Lithium-Ion Research & Resources
https://www.fmglobal.com/research-and-resources/research/lithium-ion-batteries
AIG — Lithium-Ion Batteries (Risk Engineering)
https://www.aig.com/insurance/commercial/engineering/lithium-ion-batteries
AIG — Warehouse Storage (PDF)
https://www.aig.com/content/dam/aig/america-canada/us/documents/business/risk-engineering/mrc/mrc-li-ion-warehouse-store-aig.pdf
AIG — Recyclers Exposure (PDF)
https://www.aig.com/content/dam/aig/america-canada/us/documents/business/risk-engineering/fire-property/li-ion-recyclers-aig.pdf.coredownload.pdf
Liberty Mutual Re — Battery Safety Article
https://www.libertymutualre.com/article/battery-safety-high-standards-high-rewards
The Hartford — Risk Engineering (Battery Safety)
https://www.thehartford.com/risk-engineering
AXA XL — Risk Consulting Insights (Energy Storage)
https://axaxl.com/fast-fast-forward
Aon — Risk Insights Hub
https://www.aon.com/home/insights
Marsh — Energy & Power Insights
https://www.marsh.com/us/industries/energy-and-power/insights.html
FSRI (UL Research Institute) — Arizona ESS Incident Report
https://fsri.org/research-update/report-four-firefighters-injured-lithium-ion-battery-energy-storage-system
Testing Labs & Research Facilities
UL Solutions — UL 9540A (BESS Fire Propagation)
https://www.ul.com/resources/ul-9540a-test-method-evaluating-thermal-runaway-fire-propagation-battery-energy-storage
UL Solutions — North America Advanced Battery Laboratory
https://www.ul.com/resources/ul-solutions-north-america-advanced-battery-laboratory
UL Research Institutes — Electrochemical Safety Research
https://ul.org/institutes-offices/electrochemical-safety/our-research-findings/
Intertek — Battery Fire & Abuse Testing
https://www.intertek.com/batteries/battery-fire-and-abuse-testing/
CSA Group — Energy Storage Systems
https://www.csagroup.org/testing-certification/energy-storage-systems/
DEKRA — Battery Testing
https://www.dekra.com/en/battery-testing/
SGS — Battery Testing Services
https://www.sgs.com/en/services/battery-testing
TÜV Rheinland — Battery Testing
https://www.tuv.com/world/en/battery-testing.html
TÜV SÜD — Battery Testing
https://www.tuvsud.com/en/services/testing/battery-testing
DNV — Battery Safety & ESS Testing
https://www.dnv.com/power-renewables/battery-safety/
Southwest Research Institute — Battery Safety & Abuse Testing
https://www.swri.org/markets/automotive-transportation/automotive/battery-testing-research/battery-safety-abuse-testing
Element Materials Technology — Battery Testing
https://www.element.com/testing-services/automotive/battery-testing
Applus+ Laboratories — Battery Testing
https://www.appluslaboratories.com/global/en/what-we-do/technical-capabilities/testing/battery-testing
Kiwa — Battery Testing & Certification
https://www.kiwa.com/en/services/battery-testing/
PNNL — Battery Reliability Test Laboratory
https://www.pnnl.gov/battery-reliability-test-laboratory
Sandia National Laboratories — Battery Abuse Testing Lab
https://energy.sandia.gov/programs/energy-storage/battery-abuse-testing-lab/
Argonne National Laboratory — Battery Science & Analysis
https://www.anl.gov/battery
Idaho National Laboratory — Energy Storage
https://inl.gov/energy-environment/energy-storage/
NREL — Battery Safety & Failure Databank
https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/battery-safety.html
NIST — Battery Research
https://www.nist.gov/battery
University of Texas at Austin — Battery Safety & Fire Testing
https://batteries.engr.utexas.edu/research/safety-and-fire-testing
University of Maryland FireTEC — Fire Testing
https://fpe.umd.edu/FireTEC
University of Dayton Research Institute — Fire Safety & Flammability
https://udayton.edu/udri/capabilities/materials/advanced-materials-chemistry/fire_safety_science_and_material_flammability.php
UC Davis — Battery Lab
https://research.engineering.ucdavis.edu/greentech/battery-lab/
FAA — Lithium Battery Testing & Reports
https://www.fire.tc.faa.gov/systems/lithium-batteries
Iowa State University — “Blast Box” Thermal Runaway Testing
https://www.inside.iastate.edu/article/2025/07/22/charred-chunks-blast-box-reducing-risk-battery-fires-explosions
Portland Fire & Rescue — EV/ESS Fire Tool (Cold Cut Cobra)
https://www.portland.gov/fire/news/2025/5/12/new-tool-helps-portland-firefighters-tackle-electric-vehicle-fires
Connecticut — Li-ion Fire Operations Guide (PDF)
https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/csc/3_petitions-medialibrary/petitions_medialibrary/mediapetitionnos1601-1700/pe1637/petitionersubmissions/lfe-5---attachment-c.pdf
Articles, Incident Reports & Peer-Reviewed / Trade Press
NFPA Journal — Lithium-Ion Fire Coverage (hub)
https://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Publications-and-media/NFPA-Journal
Fire Engineering — Lithium-Ion / EV Fire Tactics (search results)
https://www.fireengineering.com/?s=lithium+ion
Firehouse Magazine — Lithium-Ion / EV Incidents & Tactics (search results)
https://www.firehouse.com/?s=lithium+ion
UL FSRI — Lithium-Ion Battery Guide
https://fsri.org/lithium-ion-battery-guide
UL FSRI — Research Updates (Li-ion)
https://fsri.org/research-updates
IEEE Spectrum — Lithium-Ion Battery Fires (coverage & explainers)
https://spectrum.ieee.org/lithium-ion-battery-fires
Nature — Research Articles (search: lithium ion battery fire / thermal runaway)
https://www.nature.com/search?q=lithium%20ion%20battery%20fire
Journal of Power Sources — Battery Safety (publisher hub)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-power-sources
Journal of The Electrochemical Society — Battery Failure & Safety
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1945-7111
NFPA Research Foundation — Energy Storage Systems Library
https://www.nfpa.org/Research/Research-Foundation/Research-Foundation-reports/Electrical/energy-storage-systems
SAE MOBILUS — EV Fire / Responder Guidance Papers (search)
https://www.sae.org/search/?qt=battery%20fire
APS — McMicken BESS Incident (utility page)
https://www.aps.com/en/About/Our-Company/Newsroom/Articles/Equipment-failure-at-McMicken-Battery-Facility
APS — McMicken Lessons Learned (PDF)
https://www.aps.com/-/media/APS/APSCOM-PDFs/About/Our-Company/McMicken/McMicken-lessons-learned.ashx
IEEE Spectrum — McMicken Analysis & Debate
https://spectrum.ieee.org/dispute-erupts-over-what-sparked-an-explosive-liion-energy-storage-accident
Standards & Codes
NFPA 855 — Energy Storage Systems (overview & access)
https://www.nfpa.org/
UL 9540A — Test Method for Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation in BESS
https://www.ul.com/resources/ul-9540a-test-method-evaluating-thermal-runaway-fire-propagation-battery-energy-storage
IEC 62133 / IEC 62619 — Battery Safety Standards (IEC)
https://www.iec.ch/
SAE J2464 / SAE J2990 — Abuse Testing / Responder Guidance
https://www.sae.org/
IEEE 1725 — Portable Device Battery System Safety
https://standards.ieee.org/
UN 38.3 — Transport Tests (UN Manual of Tests & Criteria)
https://unece.org/transport/standards/manual-tests-and-criteria